HAZE PRODUCTION OF CARBON REGIME

Increasing the temperature of the Earth in the last decade has been very aesthetically impact. In Indonesia, El Nino can affect food production, water supplies for power generation, households and livestock, as well as the availability of water for industrial and household purposes. Experience 1997/1998 El Nino air temperature record of Earth's hottest, aggravate forest fires and damage coral reefs.
Forecast Meteorological Office, UK temperature by 2010 will probably exceed the record year 1998. Year 1998 to be warmest year on record after three decades of warming the Earth, in the beginning of the year 1970, for three decades, the average global temperature rose 0.45 degrees Celsius (kompass, 29 / 1).
NASA recorded a trend increase in temperature of 0.2 degrees Celsius in the last 30 years per decade. Average global temperatures have gone up 0.8 degrees Celsius since 1980. Policy makers who attended the Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen, last December, agreeing on a single target to prevent the increase of average global temperature to two degrees Celsius in an effort to avoid global warming effects of the worst (compass, 24 / 2).
The farmers in Aceh today to complain because they are no longer able to estimate the growing season. Rain, floods, drought can no longer in the prediction, climatological stations and Geophysics even acknowledges the existence of climate confusionss determination that culminate in the planting season. The cause of Global Warming.

ACEH AND REDD +

Indonesia and Brazil and the United States is considered one of the countries producing greenhouse gases (GHG), the largest. Nonetheless, Indonesia has said it will reduce the brave 26% of the state if it does not do anything (bussiness as usual) in 2020. Even dare to reduce GHG emissions by 41% if there is assistance from developed countries.
Compare with the United States who just want to reduce emissions in the gas glasshouse rotatin 4%. State Government superpower that until now had never planned to sign the Kyoto Protocol, which is considered hinder developing giant industries, a large contributor to GHG emissions.
Aceh aggressively pursue jargon of REDD + Governor Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Irwandi Yusuf together several countries in the world, Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Mato Groso, Pre (Brazil), California, Illinois, (United States), as well as NAD, East Kalimantan, and Papua (Indonesia) stated that they seek to apply the rules of debate. For Aceh, at least two regions are in trying to do, namely the Leuser Ecosystem area (1.9 million hectares) and Ulu Masen Strategic area (750 000 hectares).
Irwandi said it was cooperating with Merril Lynch, a financial services company based in Australia, to address this carbon. In the agreement the two parties, at a price agreed today is 4 cents U.S. $ per ton of carbon. However, if market prices increase from the agreement, the difference will be in for two between the government and financial services company.
Head of the Secretariat of Aceh Green M. Jacob Ishadamy says still in need a few more stages before it can be determined how the amount of existing carbon stocks in forests of Aceh, especially for Ulu Masen, the government will, using multiple methods in use.
Strategic Regions Ulu Masen which managed by the Flora and Fauna International has obtained an audit of The Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance in February 2008. Jacob admit, Ulu Masen area just awarded the Silver because it is still a problem with illegal logging.

Carbon Calculation

REDD + mini-book in the Global Canopy Programme remove (www.Globalcanopy.org)contains 36 proposals submitted by each government of each scope, references, distribution and financing. Non-government agencies each submit a proposal for REDD + this. Each has their own paradigm and pattern of their own calculations.
Indonesia according to a member of the National Council on Climate Change, Dody S Sukadry, on the sidelines of a meeting between Goverments Climate and Forest Taskforce Meeting in Banda Aceh, mid-May 2010, until today do not yet have an official standard or standard carbon counting. Each of their organizations and the government have a counting pattern.
Dody explained the mechanism of measuring (counting), reporting, and verification is still kept on talking about inter pihak. Mechanism because the calculation is the most important mechanism for measuring the amount of additional carbon that can be absorbed by the forest cover in certain kurn (in tonnes of CO2 equivalent); off because the amount of carbon reduction in forest cover, and measure the absorption ability of carbon that can be maintained within a certain period. To Ulu Masen area, Provincial Government of NAD and colleagues have had a count of carbon stock. Rough calculations of carbon stock in the area of Ulu Masen with a scenario in 2008-2038 about 2.3 million tons of CO2.
Yuriyun, coordinator of the Indigenous Peoples Network Density of Aceh, said the people who live on the outskirts of the forest did not understand or REDD REDD + or the other because the government did not provide socialization and comlate counting. Scheme REDD + carbon without socialization and establishing a clear boundary line of each their lands, according to him will only lead to a new horizontal conflict.
Anthony Brunello, Deputy Skeretaris field of Climate Change and Energy Agency of Natural Resources of California of the United States, says it wants to see the concepts and proposals which will besubmitted Provincial Government of NAD, representing the people of Aceh, about schemes to protect and maintain the surrounding environment, particularly forests.
Anthony said the society and the State government of California wants to build infrastructure, such as home and building environmentally friendly buildings and the reduction of greenhouse gases. "We, the Government of California, has no concept of what we wanted to offer to local people there. We want to see what's going on here and offer it to the people of California, "he said.
Julie Stell, members of the GCF Secretariat Taskforce, said the California State Government is still formulating the rules and harmonize with the rules at the country level. Including the rate of reduction of GHG emissions.

2010 KOMPAS 5 agutustus

NOT AGAIN FOREST LEAFY

Gurgling sound clearer. Sound clashing water timber mill. Herman (33) paused. Meanwhile, on the right side of Herman's standing, the waterfall is less than 20 feet tall towered into the sky.
Waterwheel building is equipped with a dynamo aka Micro Hydro Power (PLMH) has become a society which will forward to the hamlet of Belo, Maha village, Sultan Daulat, City Subulusalam. Over the years the family lived in the area of oil palm plantations is missing the power. Help the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) Urban valued at 21.350 million rupiah and the venture funds of three million rupiah citizens make that wish come true. "Now people have a television and a refrigerator in his house," he said.
M. Rush, one of the residents Subulusalam, said the most important thing now is to strive to discharge the water that flows sufficient to drive the waterwheel and activate the dynamo. The problem, said Rush, around the forest in the village has turned into oil palm plantations.
"Most of the Leuser ecosystem area turned into oil palm plantations. If this happens continuously, generating electricity in the make sure it will not last long, "explained Rush. Irwandi Yusuf government since served in 2007, vigorous campaigning based development environment. Aceh's Green Vision become the basic concept of sustainable development. At that time, the policy or disabling logging moratorium legal logging into the main policy. Meanwhile, illegal logging, such as in admit Irwandi, maih progress. Although there are arrests, no actors or dealing in illegal logging barons court.
Regulation
Realignment of Aceh's forests into the main theme of the policy. Resturukturisasi Aceh's forests into groups based group the worn out of the land condition, recording back the right to cultivate, both in the field of forestry, plantations, and mines, was in trying to do. In line with this effort, wildlife conflicts with humans as well as mine owners conflict with society is increasing. The government also did not intend to stop Ladiagalaska permanent road construction is done because it helps open isolir regions.
Simultaneously, the Governor of the world, Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Mato Groso, The (Brazil); California, Wisconsin, Illinois (United States); and Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, East Kalimantan and Papua (Indonesia), stated that they seek to apply REDD rules. In his letter to the head of each State, in October 2009, they claim, more than 50% of the world's tropical forests within the territory of their state or province. These forests to support millions of families and local communities living around the forest. This area represents 2.6 trillion U.S. dollars world economy.
The two areas proposed as a pilot REDD projects, namely the Ulu Masen area and Area Strategy Leuser Ecosystem. Staff of Conservation Division Leuser Ecosystem Area Management Board (BP KEL) Rudi. H. Son said the process was trying to get there. One of the vigorous efforts made KEL BP is converting back palm forest and entered the territory illegally KEL. Based on the record BP KEL, tens of thousands of hectares of this area is devolved functions, both oil palm plantations and settlements of approximately 2 million hectares of total area, including the village of Herman.

2010 Kompas 5 agsts

LEUSER MOUNT (3381 masl)

Leuseur Mountain National Park (TNGL) is one of the reserved forest in the park to be set as the guard and the national existence.This National park preserve is located in the Province of NAD Darussalam (Aceh district southeast, south Aceh, Aceh middle, east Aceh and Aceh Singkil) and propnsi northern Sumatra (Langkat and karo) with an area of 80,000 hectares. Aceh area occupied three-quarters of the park. Specifically Leuser mountain area consisting of game reserve (BC) Kluit 20 000 hectares, Leuser mountain 416. 500 hectares of BC, BC Kappi Langkat 142 800 hectares south of 82 985 hectares of BC, BC Sikundur 60 000 hectares, Recreation Park 9200 hectares Lawe Gura, Sikundur tourism park 18 500 hectares, and protection forest and limited production forest area of 292 707 hectares. In the next development in forested areas is a priority conservation and protection to about 1.79 million hectares, which was known by the Leuser ecosystem area (forestry ministerial decree no.227/kpts-II/1995) located at 3-4 and 97-98 LU ` + BT, which covers 100 km along the Bukit Barisan mountain range and stretches denan 0-3455 altitude above sea level. Thus the Leuser National Park is the largest national parks across Indonesia.
This park was built in order to preserve and restore natural resources and the ecosytem. TNGL is one of the continent's diverse and have potential in NAD Darussalam. He is known as the lungs of the world because it is a tropical rain forest (tropical rain forest) contains a micro climate that serves as a useful stabilizing the climate is very large for human life. Leuser ecosystem area has a representative form of forest ecosystem types of volcanic mountains and rocks, limestone, plutons, alluvium, and other rocks, and lowland, wet and humid with the state land that is dominated by podzolic, podzolic brown, and lithosol. Besides the Leuser Ecosystem has a complete distribution of forest vegetation, forest vegetation noble from the beach / marsh, lowland forest, upland forest and mountains. Even in 3500 there were estimated flora, among others: the mangrove forest fires (Avicenna sp), Casuarina trees (casuarinas sp), camphor (Drybaloncops aromatics), Palm, rattan (Calamus) pandan (pandanus sp), some of the flora that grows above the altitude of 500 masl like Dipterocarcease type (eg: meranti, kruing, Shorea), and the lime tree (Dryobalanops aromatics). There are also a variety of fauna: 380 species of birds and 190 mammals / primates. This means that 1 / 32 of all species in the world or ¼ mammal in Indonesia located in the Leuser area. Still there are also several species of Carnivores, Herbivore, Reptiles, Amphibious, Piasces, and Iverteberata like Orang Utan (Pongo pygmus abelli), Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Sumatran Tiger (Phantera Tigris sumatrensis), tiger Dahan (Neo felis nebulosa), Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatrensis), Malayan bear (Hlerctosmalayanus), Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Wild Pigs (Arctonyx Collaris), giant horned deer(tragulus Napu), Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), colored deer (Cervus unicolor), gray-tailed Macaques (Tracypithecus cristatus). There is also around 87 species classified as rare, so protected, such as sraendung (Hylobates dollars), Rungka (Presbytis Thomasi), Linsang (Priondon Linsong), Tiger root (termincki felis), Rhinoceros Hornbill (Rhyteceros sp), Birds of a horse (Garullaxrufifrons) , golden cat (catupuma termincki), Leopard (Prionailurus bengalensis). There are even some fauna in this TNGL potentially be made in the Plasma Nuthfa like a wild duck (cairina sp), Sumatran Goat (Capricornus sumatrensis), the otter (Lutra sp), red-tailed flying squirrel (petaurista), and a honey bear (helaroctus malayanus ).
Climatic conditions in this region in the review of Schmidt and climate maps freguson including climate tempratur type A with a minimum of 21.1 to 27.5 ', the average rainfall 1300-4600 mm per year during the dry season rainfall is less than 100 mm per month 80-100% with relative humidity. On review from the aspect of hydrology, rivers that empty lot on the west coast of Sumatran: Alas river Kluet, Trupa, Seunangan, and Meurebo. While the estuary on the east coast is a river Wampu, Tamiang and Jambo Aye. All these rivers disgorge all over the ridge area of the Leuser National Park.
Leuser ecosystem area is also in the agricultural area which covers the circumference of the sixty districts with a population of approximately two million people with various ethnic groups such as Aceh, Gayo, Alas, Tamiang, Jame, Karo, Melayu Batak, and Javanese. So there will be a close ecological dependence between the Leuser Ecosystem area with the surrounding ecosystem. In addition to rich flora and fauna, Leuser Mountain National Park is also rich in beautiful natural panorama, so the object can be made in ecotourism activities such as outdoor adventure (jungle tracking), Rafting, the search caves, observation of flora and fauna (observation, Bird watching) or just recreation.
Leuser mountain is terminological meaning "Place of living things that ended his life." The name is horrible enough in taking language dar Netherlands. This mountain has long been a dream of mountaineers. Variation field and the length of the track requires a climber has abilities and skills that are more than enough to be able to stampede of feet in height.

35 YEARS AGO ON TRAGEDY THAT HAPPENED CITARUM

Never had a sporting event that many victims swallowed soul . But Citarum 1 rally thirty-five years ago has killed no fewer than five human soul .very hard to forget the tragedy that.
Rajamandala-point between the time the meeting with the Citarum Cihea in Cianjur regency, West Java 17 April 1975 dawn is already filled by thousands of people. Dozens of raft derived from the trucks that had arrived from Jakarta and Bandung. Then the rally participants Citarum 1 mingled with the audience. There was no sign of anything going on during the preparation. Everything went smoothly. But a few hours later, the tragedy happened. Five participants died in the violence of the current suit Citarum river. Big commotion erupted. Bandung Perrs most shocking news was blowing, though the information is still vague.
Three journalists from the capital ( Kompas, Suara Karya, Merdeka, and a cameraman from TVRI Hendro Subroto) feel devastated. Not because of preliminaries in the news, but because of coverage following the rally that stalled was frozen, because that night turned into a hot Bandung.
A number of ITB students staged that night looking for members of the association of nature lovers Wanadri. Rally organizers had to hurl anger death due to a crisscrossing the news. Bandung newspaper headlines the next day rather than defuse the atmosphere, but instead exacerbate mood

First Victim

Before the rally, the rainy season in the year 1975 it has not abated. Citarum river when it flowed freely as the water flow rises.in passing, the field is quite ideal to hold a boat race, a challenge to the spirit of adventure lovers of nature. Can be expected to reply overwhelmed Wanadri committee holds great desire of the youth from Bandung and Jakarta to participate as a few days earlier that killed a rolled flow the trainining and selection. Both the first ITB students majoring Sharif hidayat from the engine, he was killed multiplied Cikapundung Bandung in practice session. Second Widiatmoko dari electronics majors. He died at around Rajamandala, both thrown from their raft before swallowing flow. However, still no deterrent, it noted participants ITB most 14 teams. Then the University of Padjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung 13 teams, the Marine Corps and the 4th Battalion, 2nd Battalion, each team 4 and 2, followed by DKI JAYA 2 team and AIRUD police squads and ARMY each team 1.
They are who pass the selection to use a rubber boat with 75 crew members each 6 people. Also passed in the selection criteria for the ability to swim, boat control, team cohesiveness and the ability to overcome adversity. So, has fulfilled the conditions needed to ensure safety.

Depths of Satan

But then calamity that took five lives could not help it happen, too.Though two hours earlier, where the start, after the poem was read about the adventures of young people's desire for natural bow, Admiral Sudomo as chairman of the Indonesian Waters Sports with bright removing participants with strike his ax to a boat mooring ropes
The route to be in the participant go on rubber boats "Mark 10" is Rajamandala-Jatiluhur in so far as 75 km. Distance was in for three-phase to three days. But not yet been traveled route 20 km first stage Rajamandala-bayabang, heartbreaking tragedy occurred. their boat overturned in general in the place called Leuwi jurig (depths of Satan), only 500 m away from the start in Rajamandala. Deep vortex is so heavy and the river full of large stones invisible because the river water flow going up. On the plus-curve also with a sharp bend in the river, no doubt a big stones did not seem a threat that could not be avoided for participants careless. His clever as clever as people swimming, if it has been thrown into the middle of the vortex flow depths of Satan, do not expect to survive without help.
Unfortunately, among the participants themselves much tied his body to the boat without using a snap ring (key-binding that is easy on the open). As a result, when the boat overturned they can not break away from the boat, even things like a giant pot of people covered. This experienced victim of CSB (studiosorumBandungense corpus), which overturned the boat and managed to pull over and caught in tree roots. The locals have a hunch, the boat was inside. Hunch proved right, after in reverse, found the body inside Syailendra Malik, UNPAD law students, who already stiff. He entwined his own boat rope. Evidently when the accident occurred, did not have time to open Syailendra rope wrapped around her body
Another victim was Tatang Gurnita, students majoring in Bandung ATN machine, then Naziwir Pasaribu from ITB industrial engineering majors, Didit Satriyadi from law school and Adang UNPAD Sofyan from Midshipman Coordinating Body Works Bandung.

Forwarded

Tragically, two helicopter types alloete of the SAR team was also provided the committee can not do much in the depths of Satan.Two helicopters had to fly low to examine the field when the catastrophe preach. But the accident site field gap Gap and the river lot Citarumpun its many corners, so the helicopter could not hovering (flying in place) . Doing it as a suicide because the suction rotor will form a vacuum bag. This could cause the river crashing aircraft crashed (stall). However, after Kopassandha unity under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel. (Inf) Sentot (now dead) conducted field research among rural warung jeruk and Jatiluhur, the race continues, but the route between Warung Jeruk- Bayangbang are canceled to avoid increasing the victim.
Thus, only the route-Jatiluhur WarungJeruk, the route last stage, that is used as a route race. As a symbol that the race was underway, on the last stage that all the boats towed by a motor boat to the reservoir Jatiluhur. Appear On Sand Island, the participants to anchor their boats. The next day they rowed to the finish. Admiral Sudomo, Maj. Gen. Sutanto Himawan (then Regional Commander Siliwangi VI) and Ana GP (then Governor of West Java) waiting for them there.

Third regional rowing team is set as the winner. DKI Jaya I and II received the most sportsmanlike team predicate because services to help victims come so late to finish. Was the title of the most resilient team in team won SPB (Youth union banc), or fine art student association ITB. Year 1975 is truly the blackest in the history of sports life in Indonesia. Years of the program is a bitter year for the club Wanadri nature lovers, who previously had a fragrance.

Source: Tabloid Bola 27 April 1984

AFTER 112 YEARS, BADAK PREGNANT SUMATRA

Although the birth of a child of Queen - 9-year-old rhino weighs 525 pounds, is expected in May 2011, Sumatran rhinoceros pregnancy or Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from a village on the outskirts of Way Kambas National Park, Lampung province, it was worldwide and the joy greeted by conservation activists. Pregnancy Queen is the first in Indonesia after more than 112 years. The success of the Queen of a baby is the result of a combination of good science, international cooperation, between the NGOs and some zoos, as well as the proper time and diligence personnel in captivity, "said Darori, Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Ministry of Forestry, the number 'at (19 / 2) in Jakarta.

Sumatran rhino males who impregnate the queen is Andalas, also 9 years old, weighs about 765 pounds. Andalas was born in 2001 in Cincinnati Zoo, the United States, from the marriage of male Sumatran rhino, Ipuh, Emi and the rhino female. In February 2007, Andalas is sent to Indonesia from the Los Angeles Zoo, United States, and placed in the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, Way Kambas National Park, Lampung.

Andalas was the first child of 3 siblings and children of the first rhino rhinos in captivity throughout the more than 112 years. According to him, conceived him the first Sumatran rhino has been through a long process and not a regular occurrence. Darori describes, from 38 marriages, the fetus has not happened. When there are fetuses, miscarriages 4. December 22, 2009 carried out an ultrasound examination (USG) at the Queen, can not find the signs of pregnancy. Andriansyah the vet who handles the Queen said, 29 January 2010, when a bag of ultrasound visible embryo in the uterus right of the Queen. On February 16, 2010 ultrasound images found bags of embryos is about 20 mm x 24 mm with a fetus and the developing umbilical cord, Queen of the gravid state, "he said.

Chairman of Yayasan Badak Indonesia Widodo Ramono said, this success will also open the possibility of creating a model program similar to the Javan, the population is estimated at about 50 fish in Ujung Kulon National Park.

kompas

GUNUNG LAWU

Located on the border between Central Java and East Java, Lawu have a beautiful natural panorama. Many special interest tourists who mendakinya. This mountain is also frequently disambangi save the pilgrims as sacred objects historic. Place around the sacred Mount Lawu especially petilasan-petilasan Brawijaya Raden Raden Brawijaya such as retirement, and Cengkup (a small house in the middle there is a grave). Perhaps on the headstone is Cengkup Brawijaya Petilasan Prabu, former King of Majapahit which is well known as the Sunan Lawu. Cangkup and Raden Brawijaya hermitage is located on Hargo Dalem, the second highest peak of Mount Lawu.

In the mountains berketinggian 3265 meters above sea level (mdpl) this is indeed save many historic Majapahit kingdom, such as, Candi Ceto, which is a temple Sukuh Raden Brawijaya survival during in pelariannya.

Lawu mountain is a mountain that dikeramatkan by people around, especially people living in the mountain foot. Not surprisingly when the month-month tertenu as Syuro calendar month, and this mountain area by the many pilgrims who come mainly from the area around the foot of Mount Lawu the region Tawamangun, Karanganyar, Semarang, Madiun, Nganjuk, and so forth.

They intentionally come from far away, especially with the intent to request the safety and welfare and living in the world. Locations visited by the pilgrims, especially places that are considered sacred, such as Raden petilasan Brawijaya known by them as the Sunan Lawu. In addition Sendang Degrees, Telaga Yellow, etc.

Defection-defection besejarah become one of the witnesses that the nation's history since we first berbudaya high dilestarikan should therefore give due value on this mountain.

At the peak of Mount Lawu this, according to a story developing in the community who live in the foothills, that Raden Brawijaya Mount Lawu to flee to avoid the pursuit Demak troops led by a son named Raden Patah, and the pursuit of the troops Adipati Cepu a vengeful old to Raden Brawijaya. Raden Brawijaya reputedly died in the peak of Mount Lawu is evidenced with the Cengkup and petilasan-petilasannya atop Mount Hargo Dalem with a height of 3148 mdpl.

According to the story, after the fall of Majapahit kingdom, the kingdom of Islam that appears to develop rapidly enough, namely the Kingdom of Demak, led by a king named Raden Patah, is still the son of Raden Brawijaya. He made the kingdom into the kingdom of Demak in Java. At that time Raden Patah intends to invite his father, Raden Brawijaya embrace the religion of Islam, akan Raden Brawijaya but refused to call her son embrace the teachings of the Raden Patah.

Raden Brawijaya do not want to fight with their own children and then fled Brawijaya Raden. His father's refusal to embrace Islam make Raden Brawijaya are continually chase each Demak by troops led by Raden Patah. To avoid the pursuit troops Demak, Raden Brawijaya fled to Karanganyar area.

Raden Brawijaya here had established a temple called the Temple Sukuh, located in the Hamlet Sukuh Village Berjo Karanganyar. But also not merampungkan candinya, Raden Brawijaya hurried out by troops Demak, Demak and troop-sharer sharer Raden Patah continue mengejarnya so Raden Karanganyar Brawijaya must leave and leave a temple that has not been completed.

Raden Brawijaya then fled towards the east of the temple Sukuh. In place persembunyiannya, Raden Brawijaya mcndirikan was also a temple, but unfortunately hiding Raden Brawijaya known by the forces of Demak. Raden Brawijaya fled again to leave with a temple to the people now known as the Temple Ceto. because it has felt himself safe from pursuit forces Demak, Raden Brawijaya moment but rest akan catastrophe come again next time this is not done by the pursuit Demak troops but is done by the troops heard that Cepu Raden Brawijaya which is hostile to the King of Majapahit kingdom Cepu entrance area so that revenge no longer arise.

Cepu troops led by Adipati Cepu intend Raden Brawijaya capture dead or alive. This time Raden Brawijaya fled to the summit of Mount Lawu avoid pursuit forces Cepu but no one from the troops who succeeded in capturing Cepu Raden Brawijava who fled to the summit of Mount Lawu through the jungle.

In his hideaway in the Peak of Mount Lawu, Raden Brawijaya feel annoyed with ulah forces Cepu ago he issued to the sumpatan Adipati Cepu seems that if the contents have people from the area or from Cepu Adipati Cepu direct descendants to ascend the Mount Lawu, the fate will be death or woe in Mount Lawu. And he said that sumpatan from Raden Brawijaya this until now still tuahnya followed by people from the area, especially the descendants of Cepu Adipati Cepu who want to climb Mount Lawu, they still feel fear if melanggarnya.

Sendang Panguripan & Drajat

Places that were often the place where pilgrims than that is in the top Hargo Dalem and Hargo is Dumilah Sendang Panguripan and Sendang Drajat. Perhaps in Sendang Panguripan have supernatural power. Sendang Panguripan in this water source is often used by the pilgrims to explore life. They believe the source of water there, water was used by Raden Brawijaya when climbing Mount Lawu and until now people believe that the water used by Raden Brawijaya in Sendang Panguripan very nutritious.

Same as in Sendang Panguripan Sendang Drajat boiler is often also used by the pilgrims. Water seems to have supernatural power to heal various diseases.

Beside rich with history and mystery of the kingdom of Majapahit, also Mount Lawu akan rich variety of nature tourism as tourism object Tawangmangu with natural waterfalls Grojogan Sewu, Telaga Sarangan with beautiful danaunya so memesona, Candi Ceto and Candi Sukuh which is a temple made by Raden Brawijaya during the runaway, and no less interesting is the nature tour climb Mount Lawu.

Many of the facilities available Puncak Gunung Lawu well. To climb Mount Lawu, there are several climbing routes Cemoro such as pens, Cemoro Sewu, Ceto, and enter the region Jogorogo Ngawi East Java. But recommended for through the Cemoro Kandang. If through Cemoro Kandang take about 9 to 10 hours climbing trip, and needed time to go down about 5 to 6 hours.

If past Cemoro Kandang first we will go through several routes, such as climbing climbing Cemoro Kandang Pos, Down Taman Sari, Taman Sari Top, Parang Gupito, Pangarif cliff-ngarif, Ondorante, including the Cokro Srengenge Pos Pos IV and the last V. Post Here there is a fork, if we turn to the right toward Peak akan Hargo Dumilah which is the highest peak with a height of 3265 meter dpl, and if we are going straight to the top Hargo Dalem 3148 meter dpl.

From the peak of Mount Lawu our natural events akan disuguhi a beautiful sunrise. When you look towards the West appears to peak of Mt Merapi, Merbabu. And to see if the direction will be seen the beauty of East Peak of Mount Kelud, Butak, Mount Wilis and paintings that form the natural captivating. If you want to climb to the top of Mount Lawu should not be too busy on Monday to Friday.

Some birds can be found in the area of Mount Lawu, Bird sepcrti Anis, Perjak, Glass Eye, Bird, and scaling. Tumbuhannya Cemara among other mountains, flowers Eidelweiss, Cantigi, rubber tree forests, Beringin, Rustania, and Puspa. Eidelweiss growing interest especially in the fertile valley and the slopes of Mount Lawu, from the path between the Post and Post IV V.

Until now ecosystem plants and animals that live in the area of Mount Lawu still awake well as people who live in the foothills of Mount afraid if the forest was damaged, the authorities Lawu namely Sunan Lawu which no other is Sang Prabu Brawijaya, akan large angry.

Travel Tips

To go to Mount Lawu already available means of transportation with a good, if we go the direction of Mount Lawu Solo City we can use the bus to have sex Tawangmangu the cool air as we are in Lembang, Bandung. Ongkosnya cheap enough Rp 3500. Take about 2 hours, from the terminal entrance Tawangmangu Karanganyar kedaerah District.

Followed by the Colt Sarangan vehicles stopped in or Cemoro Kandang Cemoro Sewu with costs Rp 3,000. Entrance to the postal or climbing Cemoro Kandang Cemoro Sewu Rp 2,500 per person, including insurance Wana Arta. Or we can go the other route and Ceto but Jogorogo track longer necessary preparation so that mature, both physically and mentally.

Mount Lawu through Solo's Solo Tawangmangu to be about 60 km about 2 hours by bus. Tawangmangu-Cemorokandang about 1 hour trip to rural transportation. Cemorokandang Lawu the peak can be about 10 minutes climbing trip. If you want to upgrade should not be too busy to climb on Monday-jumat.

Perlangkapan ascent should take enough food, especially, tents, warm jacket, etc.. And ask permission to climb in the Post Cemorokandang.

Source: Magazine Travel Club
Location: Lawu, Central Java

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KILIMANJARO

Kilimanjaro with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, is an inactive stratovolcano in north-eastern Tanzania^] rising 4,600 m (15,100 ft) from its base (and approximately 5,100 m (16,700 ft) from the plains near Moshi), and is additionally the highestpeak in Africa at 5,891.8 metres (19,330 ft), providing a dramatic view of the surrounding plains.

Current conditions

Climatic conditions

While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering of glaciers,with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80%

Sources disagree when the glaciers will be gone due to melting. In 2002, a study led by Ohio State University ice core paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020. In 2007, a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions.yet, another, the California Academy of Sciences, predicts that the [glaciers] will be gone by 2050. A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago. A study by Philip Mote of the in the United States and George Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria concludes that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not directly due to rising temperature but rather to decreased precipitation. In May 2008 The Tanzanian Minister for Natural Resources, Ms Shamsa Mwangunga, said that there were indications that snow cover on the mountain was actually increasing.In January 2006, the Western Breach route was closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide that killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. On December 1, 2007 the Western Breach route was reopened for climbing.

Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.

Volcanic conditions

While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has fumaroles that emit gas in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten magma is just 400 metres (1,310 ft) below the summit crater. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the Western Breach.

View of Kibo, Mowenzi, Shira and Meru in far background

Mapping

Early good maps of Kilimanjaro were published by the British Government's Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS 422 Y742) in 1963. These were based on air photography carried out as early as 1958 by the RAF. These were on a scale of 1:50,000 with contours at 100 ft intervals. These are now unavailable. Tourist mapping was first published by the Ordnance Survey in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping (1:100,000, 100ft intervals, DOS 522). This is now no longer available. EWP produced a map with tourist information in 1990 (1:75,000, 100m contour intervals, inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and 50 m contour interval). This is regularly updated and in its 4th edition. In the last few years numerous other maps have become available of various qualities.

EWP map sample (1:75,000, summit area).

Physical features

Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt. Meru beyond

Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the largest stratovolcanoes in the world. Otherwise known as a composite volcano, it comprises numerous layers of lava, tephra and volcanic ash. Tephra is rhyolitic (an igneous, extrusive rock) in composition, and is formed by air-fall material of an eruption, which suggests the composite volcano was once active. However, at the moment it is dormant. According to experts there have been no eruptions in living memory. Recent studies suggest the last eruptions on the mountain were between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Mount Kilimanjaro is in the shape of a mountainous volcano; it is formed by ejecta being thrown up by the volcano vent, which then piles around the vent in the shape of a cone. Due to the fact that Mount Kilimanjaro is made up of tephra, it has a cinder cone. This is because the mountains cone is made up of tephra cinders. They are made up of blobs of congealed lava and particles. When the mountain did erupt millions of years ago, the gas-charged lava would be blown violently into the air, then breaking the smaller fragments which would solidify and fall as cinders. This left Mount Kilimanjaro with a bowl-shaped crater. In geologic history, it would not be uncommon for a stratovolcano such as Mount Kilimanjaro to have experienced explosive eruptions. The lava from the mountain is viscous (viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a fluid which is deformed by shear stress or extensional stress) which cools down before it spreads very far. The lava's viscosity helps explain why Mount Kilimanjaro has relatively small crater formations. The rock on the mountain is felsic and has high levels of silica, especially tephratic silicate. This silica is also in alternating sectors, with lava flows and ejecta in different formations. This is called stratum, which is usually formed by natural forces (i.e. volcanic eruptions) from Mount Kilimanjaro.

Relief of Kilimanjaro

The volcano is the highest in Africa and covers an area of 388,500ha. Although the volcano stands alone, it is a part of an east-west belt of volcanoes stretching over Northern Tanzania. It has three main concentric cones to the southeast in the mountain, but also has smaller parasitic cones. Also known as a satellite cone, the main vent is blocked by cooled solidified lava, and the lava is then forced out through the sides of a volcano under immense pressure. To the west side of the mountain is the peak Shira (3,962m), of which only the southern and western rims remain.

In addition to the west there is also a flat tableland. On the edges of this material is later material made by the former eruptions of the mountain, and so it’s a dissected plateau. This is a plateau which has been uplifted by volcanic activity, then been severely eroded, which explains the material around the edge of the plateau. The peak of Mawenzi (5,149m) - which is rugged and erosion-shattered- can be found in the east of the volcano. Its western face has many features: crags, pinnacles and dyke swarms. Crags are a steeped mass of rock projecting upward or outward. Pinnacles are high peaks or points of rock, but in Mount Kilimanjaros case then it’s a high point of rock. A dike (plural dyke swarm) is a type of sheet intrusion that cuts discordantly across. These come in several forms: planar wall rock structures or massive rock formations. On Mawenzi these are formed in igneous intrusions. These form in high aspect ratios, so the thickness is smaller than the other 2 dimensions. The dykes intrude into a cross-cutting fissure. These are linear volcanic vents through which lava erupts, although Mount Kilimanjaro is dormant so it does not happen.

To the eastern side of Mawenzi it falls into cliffs, with a complex system of gullies and rock faces. These rises from two massive gorges: the Great Barranco and Lesser Barranco. Gorges are deep valleys between cliffs that are formed by erosion, and were formed from the plateau that can be found to the eastern side of the mountain. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistant to erosion/weathering remain exposed on the valley walls. The most recent summit is Kibo (5,891.8 m) which was last active during the Pleistocene. There are still even fumaroles. Even though there haven’t been eruptions for millions of years, there are openings near Kobe in the Earth’s crust which emits steam and gases e.g. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrochloric Acid. It even emits solfatara (Sulphurous gases). They occur along the chaotic clusters and long fissures. The hot igneous rocks react with the groundwater, which makes it release gases.

The highest point on the mountain is the southern rim of the outer crater. Moreover, between Kibo and Mawenzi is the Saddle, in which it contains high altitude tundra. This type of vegetation forms at high levels of altitude because tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. There is a wide range of vegetation despite being at high altitude such as dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens. The ecotone (difference between tundra and forest) is called the timberland. On Mount Kilimanjaro there are radial valleys that can be found on the southern and eastern slopes. They are smaller valleys that flank the mountains main valleys.

Name

It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name, that Kilimanjaro breaks Kilima (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and Njaro, whose supposed origin varies according to the theories—according to some it's an ancient Swahili word for white or for shining, or for the non-Swahili origin, a word from the aKichagga languge, the word jaro meaning caravan. The problem with all these is that they can't explain why the diminutive kilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. A different approach is to assume that it comes from the Kichagga kilmanare or kileajao meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that Kilimanjaro was never used in Kichagga before in Europe in the mid-1800s.

In the 1880s the mountain, called Kilmanscharo in German, became a part of German East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties (a common story that Queen Victoria gave the mountain to Kaiser Wilhelm II is not true),In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, which was used in the German Empire until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered Tanganyika and the name was discontinued.

Trekking routes up Kilimanjaro

Main article: Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes

There are several routes by which to climb Mt Kilimanjaro, namely, Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho, Shira, Umbwe and Machame. Of all the routes, Machame is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain, which can be done in 6 or 7 days. The Rongai is the easiest camping route and the Marangu is also easy, but accommodation is in huts. As a result, this route tends to be very busy and ascent and descent routes are the same.

Sign at Uhuru peak, indicating to climbers that they've reached the top.

Persons wishing to climb Mt Kilimanjaro are advised to undertake appropriate research and ensure that they are both properly equipped and physically capable. Though the climb is technically very easy, the altitude and low temperature make this a difficult and dangerous trek. Acclimatisation is essential, and even then most people suffer some degree of altitude sickness. About 10 climbers die from this each year, together with an unknown number of local porters - figures for these are guessed at between 10-20. Kilimanjaro summit is well above the altitude at which high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can occur.All climbers will suffer considerable discomfort, typically shortage of breath, hypothermia and headaches, and though most young, fit people can make the Uhuru summit, a substantial number of trekers will eat the attempt at a lower altitude.

High altitude climbing clubs have criticised the Tanzanian authorities for charging fees for each day spent on the mountain. This can encourage climbers to climb rapidly to save time and money, while proper acclimatisation demands that delays are built in to any high climb.

Tanzanian Medical Services around the mountain have expressed concern recently over the current influx of tourists that apparently perceive Kilimanjaro as an easy climb. Many individuals require significant attention during their attempts, and many are forced to abandon the climb. An investigation into the matter concluded that tourists visiting Tanzania were often encouraged to join groups heading up the mountain without being made aware of the significant physical demands the climb makes.

Records

• Fastest ascent: Bruno Brunod, 5 hours 38 minutes 40 seconds^[23]
• Fastest ascent (female): Rebecca Rees-Evans 13 hours 16 minutes 37 seconds^[23]
• Fastest ascent and descent: Simon Mtuy, 8 hours 27 minutes^[23]
• Youngest person to summit: Keats Boyd, 7-years old ^[24]
• Oldest person to summit: Karl Haupt, 79 or Valtee Daniel, 87^[23]

Unique vegetation

This section requires expansion.

Kilimanjaro has unique vegetation such as the water holding cabbage in the tussock grassland and other plants like this all adapted to living in alpine conditions.

Kilimanjaro has a large variety of forest types over an altitudinal range of 3,000  m containing over 1,200 vascular plant species. Montane Ocotea forests occur on the wet southern slope. Cassipourea and Juniperus forests grow on the dry northern slope. Subalpine Erica forests at 4,100  m represent the highest elevation cloud forests in Africa. In contrast to this enormous biodiversity, the degree of endemism is low. However, forest relicts in the deepest valleys of the cultivated lower areas suggest that a rich forest flora inhabited Mt Kilimanjaro in the past, with restricted-range species otherwise only known from the Eastern Arc mountains. The low degree of endemism on Kilimanjaro may result from destruction of lower altitude forest rather than the relatively young age of the mountain. Another feature of the forests of Kilimanjaro is the absence of a bamboo zone, which occurs on all other tall mountains in East Africa with a similarly high rainfall. 'Sinarundinaria alpina' stands are favoured by elephants and buffaloes. On Kilimanjaro these megaherbivores occur on the northern slopes, where it is too dry for a large bamboo zone to develop. They are excluded from the wet southern slope forests by topography and humans, who have cultivated the foothills for at least 2,000  years. This interplay of biotic and abiotic factors could explain not only the lack of a bamboo zone on Kilimanjaro but also offers possible explanations for the patterns of diversity and endemism. Kilimanjaro's forests can therefore serve as a striking example of the large and long-lasting influence of both animals and humans on the African landscape.